Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
　　1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about ____.
　　A) relationships between causes and results
　　B) classification of reasoning
　　C) some other common types of reasoning
　　D) some special type of reasoning
　　2. According to the passage, to do the "effect to effect" reasoning is to reason ____.
　　A) from cause to effect
　　B) from effect to cause
　　C) from effect to effect and on to cause
　　D) from effect to cause and on to another effect
　　3. A necessary cause is ____.
　　A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occur
　　B) one of the causes that can produce the effect
　　C) one that is enough to make the effect occur
　　D) none of them
　　4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off.
　　The power failure is a ____.
　　A) necessary cause B) sufficient cause
　　C) contributory cause D) none of them
　　5. This passage mainly discusses ____.
　　A) causal reasoning B) classification of cause
　　C) various types of reasoning D) the causal process
　　Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
　　Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition（营养不良）, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage (污水、污物）in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night before an
　　examination?
　　注：1.reasoning 推理
　　2.第一句 Another...下结论，是主题句
　　3.第二、三句 We want to ...an examination?是举例,可以略读
　　4.malnutrition 中“mal”是表示“不好”的前缀；overnutrition 营养过剩
　　Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a ca

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